Thyroid eye disease

In this episode, we unpack the complex mechanisms of Thyroid Eye Disease (TED). Explore the synergistic crosstalk between TSH and IGF-1 receptors on orbital fibroblasts, driving adipogenesis and fibrosis via hyaluronan accumulation. We break down the clinical activity score, staging protocols, and first-line therapies—including intravenous methylprednisolone regimens and the targeted IGF-1 receptor antagonist teprotumumab. Finally, we outline the strict sequential surgical management required for stable, inactive disease.