Queen Ranavalona I of Madagascar

European powers, missionaries, and foreign merchants seeking influence over her kingdom.

She responded by closing much of her country to outsiders, strengthening royal authority, and using methods that made her one of the most feared and controversial monarchs of her age.

Her reign would later be remembered as both brutal and fiercely independent.

Learn more about Queen Ranavalona I, on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily.

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