Time Travel & Cosmic Questions: The Science Behind Our Universe

0:00Andrew Dunkley Hello yet again, this is Space Nuts, a Q and

0:03 A edition. My name is Andrew Dunkley. Thanks for joining us and hope you're well wherever you are. Could be Yemen, could be the United States, the uk, Australia, New Zealand, India, Sweden. Uh, I've probably missed a couple. Um, uh, one person in each country listens to us. So that's yay, our entire audience. Uh, on today's episode, uh, Andy the train driver in UK has got back to us. He's asking a question about time travel. Uh, we've also got another UK question about orbiting telescopes.

0:34 A, uh, question aimed at, uh, one of the things that, uh, most people on Earth love, and that is gold, the metal. Uh, and we are, uh, getting a what if question from Ryan about the sun straying through a star forming nebula. What might happen? We will tell you what might happen or what might not happen. We might not answer any questions at all on this episode of space nuts. 15 seconds, distances internal.

1:01Professor Fred Watson 10, 9. Ignition

1:04 sequence start. Uh, space nuts.

1:06Andrew Dunkley 5, 4, 3, 2.

1:07Professor Fred Watson 1.

1:07Speaker C 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 4, 3, 2,

1:10 1.

1:11Andrew Dunkley Space nuts. Astronauts report. It feels

1:13 good. And to help us, uh, figure all of that out is Professor Fred Watson Watson, astronomena, ah, at large. Hello, Fred Watson.

1:24Professor Fred Watson I've been described as an astronomist as

1:27 well.

1:27Andrew Dunkley Astronomist. I sounded like a Muppet

1:30 then.

1:32Professor Fred Watson Yes.

1:33Andrew Dunkley Never mind. How are you, Fred Watson?

1:35Professor Fred Watson Okay, thank you. Yes, that's good. Recovering

1:37 from my knee surgery. These things take time, but, uh, it's going in the right direction, which is great.

1:44Andrew Dunkley Indeed. Let's, um, let's

1:47 tackle some questions, shall we? All right, here we go. Our first one comes from Andy.

1:54Andrew Dunkley Hi, Andrew and Fred Watson. This is Andy, the

1:55 train driver from London. Uh, hope you're both doing well. I hope you also received the video I sent you. Um, just a short one, but, uh, interesting. Time travel and relativistic speeds. Um, if I was to travel away from the earth for, uh, 100 years at 99.9% the speed of light and then turned around and came back at the same speed, I would age differently to someone that was being left behind. Would that be classed as time travel? And obviously we haven't got the capability, uh, of moving that fast yet.

2:32 But if we did, could we use that to travel through time? Thanks guys, Love the podcast and see you on the next one.

2:40Andrew Dunkley Thanks, Andy. Uh, great to hear from you.

2:43 Yeah, we both got, uh, Andy's video and uh, I think we both emailed him back about it. But, uh, yeah, he took us for a little walk up the railway tracks and showed Us, um, the train he was driving that day and what it was capable of and was really fascinating. So um, yeah, thanks for that Andy. It's um, it's nice to see how other people work and live and um, you know, train driving the different world.

3:07 To me, I've done it once. Um, and uh, that was on an old diesel locomotive, um, that we, that we went out on one Sunday. That was a, it was a vintage um, unit. And I got to spend the return trip up the front because I was doing uh, doing coverage for the ABC at the time. And uh, so I uh, I got to do the story Honk the Horn. Because in New South Wales, nanny, um, state we call it, uh, they have to blast the horn at every level crossing and you don't know how many there are until you have to actually blow the horn every time. Uh, it's a safety protocol.

3:46 Um, thanks Andy. Uh, time travel, Fred Watson. I love time travel stories or questions.

3:53Professor Fred Watson Uh, yeah, this is um, the only way that we

3:55 can travel through time. What Andy has suggested I used um, to have a recipe which I think it meant Visit. You go 100, 500 light years to a star. You need to travel at 99 point. I think it's 9,997% of the speed of light for which we don't have the technology yet. But if you did, uh, and then came back, you would have aged 10 years while the planet has aged 1,000 years. Because you've done two, 500 year stints at nearly the speed of light. 500 light years stints at nearly the speed of light. So um, it is a way of travelling forward through time. Um, as long as you can put up with being pushed in a spacecraft that's going to go at that sort of rate. And that's courtesy of special relativity, which is for objects that travel

4:54 near the speed of light. General relativity has time dilation as well, uh, for objects that um, uh, near intense gravitational fields. And I think we saw the science fiction version of that in interstellar.

5:08Andrew Dunkley Yes we did.

5:09Professor Fred Watson Which certainly had its, its

5:11 weaknesses in terms of the scientific arguments. Um, but, but relativistic time travel by speed does work. Uh, it's theoretically possible uh, for you to do that so you're travelling forward in time. What you can't do under really any circumstances is go backwards in time. Um, there have been people who've looked at the prospect from the point of view of um, sort of gravitational loops in space time.

5:37 Uh, but if you want to go back in time, you've sort of Got to set things up first so that the point you go back to, you've got to do something, whether it's build a gravitational detector or something, you have to do something there. And that isn't really backward time travel because you've got to start with the time that you want to travel back to. If I can put it that way.

5:59Andrew Dunkley Yeah. Um, and the other problem

6:02 is, uh, you've got to work out where the Earth probably would have been at the particular point where you want to go. Otherwise you'll end up in, you know, you'll be in a piece of space that hasn't got a planet. Um, yeah, there's all sorts of things you need to consider.

6:22Speaker C Um,

6:24Andrew Dunkley I thought I came across an article recently,

6:27 um, that suggested they now think backward time travel may be plausible. But I can't remember where I read it. It might have just been one of those speculative articles. It was quite a while back that I read it. Didn't see it in the news, um, at any sort of significant level. But um, yeah, um, but yeah, it is possible. Not possible, but it is certainly scientifically plausible to go forward in time.

6:57 Uh, but you're not really going forward in time because your time still remains the same according to our clock. It's just that because of the speed you're travelling, you are not ageing as fast as other people.

7:13Professor Fred Watson Correct. Uh, what you might call the outside

7:16 observer, you're still ageing at the normal rate, but, uh, but you're not.

7:21Andrew Dunkley Yeah, you've just wasted a decade proving

7:24 a theory, more or less.

7:27Professor Fred Watson Although to go forward a thousand years in

7:29 time might be quite interesting.

7:32Andrew Dunkley I suppose. So if you, um. If, yeah, and

7:35 if they ever achieve warp technology, um, you could go, uh, you could go a hell of a long way forward in time, couldn't you?

7:47Professor Fred Watson Well, um,

7:50 yeah, if you could warp space so that you can, you know, drop through a wormhole or something like that. That's a different story.

7:59Andrew Dunkley Well, that removes the time paradox, doesn't

8:01 it?

8:02Professor Fred Watson Yeah. Basically you can take shortcuts

8:05 through space time.

8:06Andrew Dunkley That's right, yes, correct. Um, I think we

8:09 had a similar question last week, uh, in regard to um, uh, the movie Hail Mary project, uh, asking how could uh, scientists do 11 light years in um, you know, whatever speed he was doing and uh, how long would it take him? How much younger would he be when he came back, that sort of thing. Uh, yeah. And it comes down to that time dilation issue, doesn't it?

8:34Professor Fred Watson Exactly. That's right. Mhm.

8:37Andrew Dunkley All right. Have we answered Andy's question

8:39 because it's very confusing.

8:41Professor Fred Watson The answer is yes.

8:42Andrew Dunkley Yes, it is. There it is.

8:44Professor Fred Watson Yes, Andy, whack your train up to

8:46 99.999% of the speed of light. What happens to your passengers?

8:51Andrew Dunkley Yeah, especially when you stop fast.

8:55 Yeah, the cabin will get crowded. Um, thanks, Andy. Nice to hear from you. Now we've got another question, Fred Watson. Uh, which I have right in front of me here. Hello, Professor Fred Watson and Andrew. Thank you for answering my past questions. It's always nice to get answers, uh, to my incoherent questions this, uh, time. My question is about orbiting telescopes like Hubble, uh, not SK Survey telescopes. Uh, are observations planned to minimise the time that the Earth is between the telescope and the target?

9:31 Uh, are multiple targets recorded concurrently as the telescope whizzes around Earth? Is satellite orbit, uh, parallax a problem, an advantage, or, um, uh, unusually irrelevant because space is really, really big. It's so big.

9:49Andrew Dunkley Yeah. Anyway, uh, and I'm sorry it's three

9:52 questions, but at least they aren't about black holes. Thanks for the sterling effort, Nick from Cambridge. Uh, so, yes, um, Hubble. Um, yeah, our observations plan to minimise the time that the Earth is between the telescope and the target. That's an interesting one because, yeah, it is an orbiting, uh, uh, telescope. Uh, whereas the others are out in the L2 Lagrange point. So they're not, as they don't have anything blocking their view.

10:24Professor Fred Watson There are limitations, though, that amount to

10:26 the same thing with the. You can only point it in certain directions. Uh, so it means during the course of the year you can cover the whole sky, but you can't just point it randomly in any direction.

10:38Andrew Dunkley You got to time it right.

10:39Professor Fred Watson Yes, quite so, as with the Hubble as well,

10:42 because, um, what happens when time is granted on a telescope like the Hubble? Uh, and this is, you know, to the applicants who successfully convinced the gatekeepers that, uh, their project is worth, uh, spending a few hours of Hubble time on. Uh, when, when, when those observations are brought together, they, they fall into the hands of a scheduler. Uh, so that they're scheduled for in exactly that way. Um, so that they're going to be visible when the telescope is at that orientation with respect to the Earth. Uh, in other words, keep the Earth out of the way. So that's certainly the case.

11:22 It's not a random thing. Um, the scheduling of space telescopes is very, uh, complicated and quite carefully done. That was the first question.

11:33Andrew Dunkley Are multiple targets recorded concurrently as

11:36 the telescope whizzes around Earth?

11:38Professor Fred Watson Um, um,

11:41 the Hubble looks at one thing at a time. But yes, if you, if you, depending on, you know, where the object is in relation to the ah, Earth, you might do sort of n seconds of integration on one object. N seconds of integration on another. And then on the next orbit, repeat that, uh, something like that. So that you could. It's not concurrently, but it's doing them, you know, dovetailing them together so that you get the best performance. And I forgot what the last question was. I think we might have answered it already.

12:15Andrew Dunkley Is satellite orbit parallax

12:17 a problem or an advantage or irrelevant?

12:21Professor Fred Watson Irrelevant. Uh, for most of astronomy, if

12:24 you're looking at the moon, it's not, um, the moon is near enough that the parallax differences caused by, um, the spacecraft being on one side of the Earth and then on the other will be enough. But for pretty well everything else, uh, you can ignore it.

12:38Andrew Dunkley Okay, interesting. Uh, and of course,

12:41 um, yeah, we're sending more and more of these, um, things into space. And, um, the, uh, Vera Rubin is. No, no, it's the other one.

12:51Professor Fred Watson Um, uh, the one you're talking about. It's a

12:53 Nancy Grace Roman.

12:54Andrew Dunkley Nancy Grace Roman has just been, uh,

12:56 launched. So it's, it's heading out. Uh, and, uh, I think what M is that about 100 days to get there? Something like that.

13:03Professor Fred Watson Yes, that's right.

13:05Andrew Dunkley So it'd be getting pretty close, wouldn't it?

13:07Professor Fred Watson Yes, I think it's. I'm, um, caught up with

13:10 where it is at the moment. But I think it's in good shape and nearly at its, um, vantage point.

13:16Andrew Dunkley I want to find out now.

13:18Professor Fred Watson Good. Well, tell me when you do.

13:21Andrew Dunkley Um, yeah, we'll have a look. Uh,

13:25 um, so it was launched on the 30th of August. So, uh, it's probably coming up on about a third of the way there.

13:32Professor Fred Watson Yeah, sounds about right.

13:33Andrew Dunkley Yeah. Okay. There you go. Thank you,

13:36 Nick. Uh, I hope we managed to adequately answer your question. That's what we strive for here on Space Nuts. A Q and A edition with Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson Watson. Okay, Houston, we've had a problem here.

13:51Speaker C This is Houston.

13:51Andrew Dunkley Say again, please. Houston, we've had a

13:54 problem. We've had a main B plus undervolt. Roger, main B interval. Okay, standby 13. We're looking at it. Space butts. Of course, if you're only. Yes, Earth, Yes. If you're only half listening to that, um, that radio call from Apollo 13 about what, you know, about their main B bus undervolt problem. You, you Would have thought they were actually hit by a bus. So, um, yeah, it can be very confusing. Um, now.

14:20Professor Fred Watson Oh, gosh.

14:21Andrew Dunkley Uh, Fred Watson, let's, uh, go to our next

14:22 question. Uh, this comes from Ash in Brisbane. Hi, Ash. Uh, I've got a spanner to throw into the works. In a previous episode, you mentioned that when neutro stars collide, the gravity is so extreme that essentially no debris escapes. Now here's where my brain started making funny noises. I'm a bit of a gold fanatic, and I was under the impression that regular supernovae aren't energetic enough to make a heavy, uh, element like gold.

14:52 I thought the current thinking is that neutron star mergers produced much of the universe's gold. So here is my question. If no debris escapes a neutron collision, how did all the gold end up here, quite literally, uh, for me to admire, hoard, and dream about buying more of, uh. Have I misunderstood what nothing escapes means? Does some material actually get flung out before the merged objects settle down? Or have I completely missed a piece of the puzzle? Love the show and thanks for feeding my curiosity every week. Looking forward to hearing your thoughts. Cheers. Uh, Ash from Brisbane, that is a really good question. Is there a fundamentally simple answer?

15:35Professor Fred Watson Yeah, I think, um, stuff can escape from

15:38 a neutron star collision. Maybe I glossed over something in the past. Um, I mean, we know neutron star collisions not only produce, um, a significant amount of, uh, gravitational waves, but we also get, um, electromagnetic radiation from that as well. So that's something else that can escape. Uh, and there must be debris, uh, because otherwise. Exactly. Uh, as Ash says, uh, you wouldn't get the interstellar medium being sort of seeded by, uh, by gold.

16:16Andrew Dunkley It still makes you wonder like, you know, the

16:18 two neutron stars collide, cataclysmic explosion, stuff gets flung. I mean, they're not gold bars floating out in space, are they? So what form does the gold take?

16:29Professor Fred Watson It's, It'll be atomic, atomic gold.

16:32Andrew Dunkley Okay?

16:32Professor Fred Watson Basically atoms of gold that if you had

16:35 enough of them, they'd form a gas. Uh, but you, um, know, they're. They're probably quite rarefied. Um, it's. It. The gold's an interesting one though, because we think most of the gold on Earth must have arrived after the Earth's formation. Because if gold was a significant proportion of the gas and dust cloud that the Earth formed from it, all the gold will be in the middle. It will be mixed up with the iron core, uh, because of its mass. So, um, the thinking is that other objects, like broken up protoplanets, which would Give rise to meteorites, uh, and small asteroids.

17:17 Those things bombarding the earth are probably where most of the Earth's gold came from. But in turn they would have come from, um, a neutron star collision.

17:26Andrew Dunkley Yeah.

17:27Professor Fred Watson They're called kilonovas now, are they,

17:29 uh, like a thousand kilo nova? Ah. Rather than a supernova.

17:35Andrew Dunkley Wow. Does that make them bigger or just, you

17:37 know, nastier? Smaller. Oh, okay. Yeah, yeah. Super, super bigger. Yeah. Right, gotcha. Yeah. We're still waiting for the next big one, aren't we?

17:47Professor Fred Watson Uh, yes, in terms of, uh, supernovae. That's

17:50 right. There's a couple of candidate stars that might blow their top sometime within the next few thousand years. Yeah.

17:57Andrew Dunkley Yeah, we'll have to hang around for that.

17:59 It's like m. Yeah. The difference is, um, between that and waiting for a solar eclipse is you can get a date for a solar eclipse. You can't get a date for a supernova.

18:09Professor Fred Watson 22nd of July, 2028.

18:11Andrew Dunkley Yes, I know where I'll be. I

18:14 don't have to move for once.

18:16Professor Fred Watson No, you don't. You probably forget and have a

18:18 golf match because it's Saturday afternoon.

18:20Andrew Dunkley Well, it is a Saturday.

18:21Professor Fred Watson Yeah.

18:21Andrew Dunkley Ah, but I'm usually finished by then.

18:25 I can imagine there'll be people that will be out there playing that are oblivious to it and suddenly it'll pitch black.

18:31Professor Fred Watson We, we hope nobody will be oblivious to it.

18:34 That's one of the times that I'm

18:35Andrew Dunkley pretty sure the news will be significant.

18:37 It's already. There's a Facebook page that's been dedicated to it already, so I've joined that. And they're constantly. They're already looking for accommodation. Fred Watson.

18:46Professor Fred Watson Yeah, there will be.

18:47Andrew Dunkley Yeah. But, um, yeah, Ash, um,

18:50 it's. The stuff does get away. Um, and, and gold does end up in space. Gets picked up by the. Or distributed by the, um, the debris, I suppose. And some of it ended up on Earth. Uh, and I still, I believe still the amount of pure gold that's been, that's been found. And um, and, and you know, what do you call it? Um, refined on Earth still would only fill. Is it one or two Olympic size swimming pools.

19:24 That's the world's total amount of gold at the moment. It's not much, is it?

19:29Professor Fred Watson Not really. No. No, you're right.

19:32 I don't think I've got any actually.

19:34Andrew Dunkley Um. Oh, I've got this.

19:37Professor Fred Watson All right. Okay, good. Very good.

19:38Andrew Dunkley That's my grandfather's wedding ring. Uh, my

19:41 grandmother gave it to me and said, when you get married.

19:44Professor Fred Watson Oh, uh, that's lovely.

19:45Andrew Dunkley So that ring now has got

19:49 80, 40, 50, 57. Oh, hang on, 40. Nearly. Yeah. 90. 90.

19:57Andrew Dunkley Nearly. 93 years of marriage on it

20:01 without. With our, my grandparents. Um, marriage and, and Judy and I are coming up on 40 years. Can you believe that?

20:09Professor Fred Watson Um, no,

20:12Andrew Dunkley no.

20:12Speaker C January.

20:13Professor Fred Watson Think of you as a young couple.

20:15Andrew Dunkley January, 40 years, marriage. Yeah, it's

20:18 hard to get your head around, isn't it? What have we done with our lives? Uh, anyway, hope you're doing something good

20:24Professor Fred Watson for the anniversary, Andrew.

20:25Andrew Dunkley Uh, we're going to Antarctica.

20:28Professor Fred Watson Right.

20:29Andrew Dunkley We wanted to um, put our initials in the

20:31 snow,

20:33Professor Fred Watson um, as you do.

20:34Andrew Dunkley Yeah, we're not going ashore. We're not doing

20:36 that. We're doing the um, environmentally friendly version of the train.

20:42Professor Fred Watson Very good.

20:42Andrew Dunkley Yeah.

20:43Professor Fred Watson It's the right thing to do.

20:45Andrew Dunkley Indeed. Okay. Uh, thanks Ash. Uh, great to

20:48 hear from you. Keep collecting the gold and if you've got any spare, you know where I live. Uh, our final question, Fred Watson comes from. Um, I've got to find it. It's from Ryan.

20:59Speaker C Hey guys, it's Ryan from Hokassin.

21:02 Delaware. Yes, Delaware actually exists. I have a question and if you would permit me, I would be interested to hear answers, uh, from both of you. I recognise that our solar system and our sun is rocketing through the universe. Rocketing around the galaxy. Well, not rocketing, but you know what I mean. Um, and that currently our solar system is in what is known as the local interstellar cloud. It's a very thin diffuse patch of gas that we're going through. And the sun's heliosphere has enough outward pressure to protect us from this interstellar medium.

21:41 My question is, what would happen if our sun were to stray through a dense star forming nebula? Something that has much higher parts, um, per million or even I don't know what dense is defined as in a star forming nebula. Um, but if our sun were to wander through one of these things, what would happen to the earth? What would happen to the heliosphere? What would happen to our solar system? And again, if you permit me, I'd be curious to hear the sci fi writer writer on your show answer first. Thanks so much guys. Keep uh, up the great work.

22:18Andrew Dunkley Thank you, Ryan. Uh, I was thinking, um,

22:21 Martin Berman Govine could have tackled this one. But um, he didn't pick up the phone when I rang. Um, and that's who I assume he wanted to hear from in terms of science fiction writers. And um, I. Look, I did research this because from a science fiction point of view I'd like to Think it would, um, the sun, which means the Earth and the rest of the solar system would go with it. Uh, the sun would, uh, start to fuel itself up on all that, um, meaty goodness in a nebula. And we suddenly realise that our life on Earth is threatened. Significantly, the truth is much more boring. I'll let Fred Watson tell the truth, but, um, from a science fiction perspective, look, it's got merit. If you wanted to stretch,

23:11 um, the truth a very, very. Not break the rubber band, but, um, you probably would break the rubber band. But, uh, I'd go down the line of, um, yes, if it happened, uh, the sun would, um, have a feeding frenzy like a great white shark. And, uh, Earth would suddenly risk being gobbled up by what may become a super sun as a consequence.

23:38 But, uh, I just don't believe that's. That's possible. And, uh, the chances of this happening, Ryan, are pretty much nil because the nearest nebula to Earth, the, uh, Helix nebula, is about 650 light years away. So, um, um, that sort of puts us out of the realm of possibility. But, you know, you never know. There might be one we've missed and is sneaking up on us as we speak. Time, uh, for you to save this question, Fred Watson.

24:12Professor Fred Watson I'm just cheating here because, um, you've

24:15 made me think of something I should know. Uh, so what we're really talking about, star forming regions are, uh, technically known as giant molecular clouds. And, um, the nearest one is 1500 light years away.

24:31Andrew Dunkley Oh, there you go.

24:32Professor Fred Watson Uh, it's the Orion molecular cloud complex.

24:34 That makes sense because we know the Orion Nebula is one of the brightest in the sky. So giant molecular clouds are indeed where, uh, star formation is taking taking place. Um, and the densities there, because it's a molecular cloud, uh, are higher than what they would be in the sort of normal interstellar medium. Um, but it would be, um. The thing that would probably make the biggest difference is that as you approach this thing, and two people I used to work with at the Royal Observatory in Edinburgh, um, Victor Klub and Bill Napier, both theorise that this has happened in the past, that a giant molecular cloud passing close to the solar system would disturb the Oort cloud to the extent that you would bombard the inner solar system

25:26 with cometary objects. In other words, comet nuclei coming from the Oort cloud, which we think is the reservoir of these things at the edge of the gas cloud that made our own solar system. So there could be quite catastrophic, uh, consequences. In fact, uh, Victor and Bill wrote a book called the Cosmic Serpent in Which they equated, if I remember rightly, uh, some of the um, geological and um, mythical, if I can put it that way, uh, the stories of death and devastation, um, of which there are plenty in ancient records. Uh, those, uh, and the geological evidence of there having been um, debris bombarding the earth, uh, they sort of equated that with the passage of. Potential passage of known molecular. Giant

26:22 molecular clouds. Now their work, that work was done 70 years, sorry, 50 years ago or thereabouts. A bit less than that, um, 40 years ago. 46 years ago to be exact. Um, so things have probably moved on in terms of what we know about these things and also about the geological record too and what the anthropologists tell us about some of the um, destruction, uh, stories, uh, that pervade, uh, ancient texts of whatever kind they are.

26:54 So uh, there might be more to say about that. But it's still a real phenomenon, potentially that you could get, um, catastrophic bombardment of the inner solar system because of the disturbance, the gravitational disturbance of a big lump of stuff not very far away.

27:09Andrew Dunkley Wow.

27:10Professor Fred Watson Yeah.

27:11Andrew Dunkley That's not boring at all.

27:12Professor Fred Watson No, I don't think it's boring. No, I think

27:14 it's.

27:15Andrew Dunkley Makes a science fiction potential story much

27:17 more exciting.

27:18Professor Fred Watson Yes, well, it does. You could mix the two

27:21 together and get a good answer. Probably.

27:23Andrew Dunkley Good. Ryan will be relieved to know that

27:27 getting to the um, star forming field that you uh, brought up, Fred Watson, 1500 light years ago away, will take us at our current velocity 15 million years.

27:39Professor Fred Watson Yes, that's probably right. If we were

27:42 heading in the right direction.

27:43Andrew Dunkley If we were heading in the right direction,

27:45 that's the other point and we're not. So I think we're pretty safe at the moment, Ryan. But thanks, uh, for your thoughts and I do love the what if questions. That one was just a little bit out of my realm of imagination. Um, um, but yeah, um, but Fred Watson made us feel good by saying it would be catastrophic.

28:06Professor Fred Watson Anyway, yes,

28:10Andrew Dunkley uh, thank you, Ryan. Thank you to everyone

28:12 who contributed. And if you've got questions for us, please send them in to, uh, our website or via our website, uh, Space Nuts IO and just click on the AMA button at the top and uh, you can send text or audio questions. Don't forget to tell us who you are and where you're from. We'd be, uh, thrilled to hear from you. And if you've never ever sent us a question before, please do. Um, always looking for newbies.

28:34 Uh, we like our regulars too, of course. And uh, please leave a review wherever you listen to us or watch us if you watch us. That's. I'm really sorry about that. But, um, anyway, that's, you know, head for radio. I've had it for a long time. I can't change it. Um, thank you, Fred Watson. We'll see you real soon.

28:51Professor Fred Watson I hope so. Yeah. Looking forward to it. Thank

28:53 you.

28:54Andrew Dunkley That's Professor Fred Watson Watson,

28:55 Astronomer at large. And thanks to Huw in the studio who, um, also did some straying today. Um, like the Earth, um, or the sun straying through a nebula. He went straying. So, uh, we haven't seen him for a couple of months now. And from me, Andrew Dunkley, thanks for your company. We'll catch you on the next episode of Space Nuts. Bye.

29:15 Bye. You've been listening to the Space Nuts podcast, available at Apple Podcasts, Spotify, iHeartRadio or your favourite, favourite podcast player. You can also stream ondemand@bytes.com.

29:30Professor Fred Watson this has been another quality podcast

29:32 production from Bytes.

29:34Speaker C Com.

29:34Andrew Dunkley Um,