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Interpreting India

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In Season 5 of Interpreting India, we continue our exploration of the dynamic forces that will shape India's global standing. At Carnegie India, our diverse lineup of experts will host critical discussions at the intersection of technology, the economy, and international security. Join us as we navigate the complexities of geopolitical shifts and rapid technological advancements. This season promises insightful conversations and fresh perspectives on the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead.

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  1. Nuclear Weapons in Space

    This episode is part of our curtain raiser series ahead of the tenth edition of the Global Technology Summit (https://globaltechnologysummit.com/), Carnegie India’s flagship annual event, co-hosted with the Ministry of External Affairs, Gov

  2. India, China, and the U.S. in the Age of the Technology Race

    This episode is part of our curtain raiser series ahead of the tenth edition of the Global Technology Summit (https://globaltechnologysummit.com/), Carnegie India’s flagship annual event, co-hosted with the Ministry of External Affairs, Gov

  3. Subsea Cables, AI Infrastructure, and Africa's Connectivity Gap

    Jane opens with a framing that runs through the entire conversation: for Africa, the subsea cable story is not primarily about geopolitics. It is about connecting citizens and translating that connectivity into economic participation. Less

  4. India, Australia, and the Critical Minerals Opportunity

    The conversation opens with a useful baseline on both countries. Australia has world-class mining equipment, technology, and services capabilities, and its mining sector contributes roughly 10 to 15 percent of GDP, yet it remains predominan

  5. Chokepoints, Economic Warfare and India's Strategic Options

    Edward lays out three criteria for what makes something a genuine choke point: dominant market share, difficulty to substitute, and the ability to weaponize it with asymmetric impact, hurting the adversary far more than yourself. All three

  6. India's AI Ambitions and the Road to Viksit Bharat | AI Summit Special

    This is the final episode of our special series on the India AI Impact Summit, examining the conversations, decisions, and debates that are shaping global AI governance. This episode explores: • India has a clear North Star in Viksit Bharat

  7. Did India's AI Summit Get Safety Right? AI Summit Special

    This episode is part of our special series on the India AI Impact Summit, examining the conversations, decisions, and debates that are shaping global AI governance. Professor Ravindran addresses early on the perception that the India summit

  8. Subsea Cables, Trusted Networks, and India's Strategic Opportunity

    Pooja opens with a mismatch that frames the entire conversation. India consumes around 20% of global internet traffic but accounts for just 2% of global subsea cable infrastructure. Even with the expansion of landing stations currently unde

  9. AI Literacy and the Future of Work in India

    Jaspreet's framing for the AI and work debate is worth staying with. He is not dismissive of disruption: he thinks AI will destroy certain jobs, create new ones, and the rupture will be real. But he pushes back on the idea that job destruct

  10. Can AI Resources Be Democratized? AI Summit Special

    This episode is part of our special series on the India AI Impact Summit, examining the conversations, decisions, and debates that are shaping global AI governance. The working group was designed from the start to be bottom-up rather than t

  11. Space Security in the Age of AI

    Almudena opens with a distinction that anchors the entire conversation: space security, unlike space safety, is about intentional harm. It concerns deliberate attempts to disrupt, deny, or destroy space systems and the services they provide

  12. An African Perspective for Building AI for Global South | AI Summit Special

    This episode is part of our special series on the India AI Impact Summit, examining the conversations, decisions, and debates that are shaping global AI governance. Raymond draws a distinction early in the conversation that shapes everythin

  13. The India-EU Trade Deal: What It Delivers and What It Doesn't

    For most of the last decade, a trade deal between India and the EU seemed unlikely. The nudge came as the world changed around both. Nicolas points to three converging forces: the pressure of US tariffs under Trump, which gave both sides po

  14. From Bletchley Park to Delhi and What Comes Next | AI Summit Special

    This episode is part of our special series on the India AI Impact Summit 2026, examining the conversations, perspectives, and debates that are shaping global AI discourse. Tino has been in the room at all four AI summits, and his account of

  15. Data, AI, and the Laws Trying to Keep Up

    The conversation begins with a close look at India’s data protection regime, particularly the DPDP Act and its emphasis on consent. Nikhil challenges the perception that the law is overly consent-driven, pointing to a range of exemptions an

  16. Inside the Iran Conflict: Power, Strategy, and India’s Balancing Act

    The conversation begins with a look at where the conflict stands today and how Iran has managed to absorb significant military pressure while still responding in a measured way. Dharmendra explains how the conflict has expanded beyond immed

  17. Recalibrating BRICS: India’s Moment in a Fragmented World

    The episode begins with a reflection on Brazil’s 2025 BRICS presidency, which emphasized continuity with the bloc’s original reformist agenda—particularly the push for reform of global financial institutions and greater representation for e

  18. Deciphering the “Mother of All Trade Deals”: The India–EU FTA

    Kumar frames the India–EU FTA as a deal India needed, not one it merely chose, arguing that with the multilateral trade system weakened, FTAs have become the practical route to secure market access and signal openness to investment. He plac

  19. AI Adoption Journey for Population Scale: The UCAF Framework

    AI progress is often measured by the number of pilots launched, but this episode argues the real unit of progress should be how many AI use cases are reliably in production and embedded into everyday systems. Shalini Kapoor distinguishes AI

  20. Scarcity, Sovereignty, Strategy: Mapping the Political Geography of AI Compute

    As AI systems grow more powerful, the computational infrastructure behind them has become a strategic resource, one that is unevenly distributed across the world. This episode takes a deep look at the three layers of compute sovereignty: wh

  21. Cybersecurity in Outer Space: A Growing Concern

    The conversation explores how cybersecurity is integral to space operations, drawing parallels with traditional air defense strategies. Blount discusses the historical context of cybersecurity in space, the role of international law, and th

  22. Unbundling AI Openness: Beyond the Binary

    The episode challenges the familiar “open versus closed” framing of AI systems. Sharma argues that openness is not inherently good or bad—it is an instrumental choice that should align with specific policy goals. She introduces a seven-part

  23. India’s Air Defense After Operation Sindoor: Lessons and the Road Ahead

    India’s air defense has transformed from sparse radars in the 1960s to a multilayered network anchored by the Integrated Air Command and Control System (IACCS), linking radars, interceptors, and layered missile systems into a cohesive shiel

  24. Military AI and Autonomous Weapons: Gender, Ethics, and Governance

    The episode opens with Bhatt framing the global stakes: from drones on the battlefield to AI-powered early warning systems, militaries worldwide are racing to integrate AI, often citing strategic necessity in volatile security environments.

  25. Beyond Superintelligence: A Realist's Guide to AI

    The episode begins with Kapoor explaining the origins of AI Snake Oil, tracing it back to his PhD research at Princeton on AI's limited predictive capabilities in social science domains. He shares how he and co-author Arvind Narayanan uncov

  26. Navigating the Open v. Closed Source AI Debate with Kailash Nadh

    The episode opens with an in-depth discussion about the value of open source as a model of development and how the definitional contours of open-source AI differ from those of traditional open-source software. The discussion also explores t

  27. Interpreting China: From the LAC to Taiwan – Mapping China’s Assertiveness

    In this conversation, Aadil Brar and Saheb Singh Chadha examine how China's strategic behavior across the India-China border, Taiwan Strait, and South China Sea reflects a broader effort to create regional influence and redefine border secu

  28. Interpreting China: The People’s Liberation Army—Reforms and Challenges

    Saheb and Suyash begin by laying out where the PLA stands today in terms of its strengths, weaknesses, and the factors driving its evolution. While the PLA has made major strides in modernizing across land, air, sea, space, and cyber, it st

  29. Interpreting China: The Economy and its Impact on Foreign Policy

    In this conversation, Saheb and Amit examine the three major structural dilemmas facing China’s economy: a persistently low domestic consumption rate of around 40 percent of GDP, making China an outlier among large economies; the Chinese st

  30. Securing Space: Opportunities for U.S.-India Cooperation in a New Strategic Frontier

    The conversation delves into the shifting contours of global space governance, touching on the rise of dual-use technologies, the importance of transparency and norms in space activities, and the need for trusted partnerships. Samson outlin

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